Voicing of glottal consonants and non-modal vowels

Variation in voicing is common among sounds of the world’s languages: that are analyzed as voiceless can undergo voicing, and those voiced devoice. Among glottal particular, widespread: linguists often expect stop [ʔ] fricative [h] to be fully voiced, especially between vowels. In this study, we use audio recordings from Illustrations International Phonetic Alphabet published Journal Association explore extent which consonants non-modal (breathy creaky) vowels differ terms percentage intensity three phrasal positions. We find only slightly less than [ɦ] initial position. Between two vowels, both breathy Glottal stops creaky characterized by high percentages but they intensity: all positions, generally have periods strong weak whereas strongly voiced. contrast, described ‘rearticulated’, ‘checked’, or ‘glottalized’ show similar drops stops. interpret these results through an articulatory lens: modulations phonation resulting laryngeal constriction vocal fold spreading. argue further that, because during largely predictable respiratory prosodic constraints, many cases considered phonetically underspecified for voicing.